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Orthographic transcription is a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target language.〔Hayes, Bruce (2011); (Introductory Phonology ); John Wiley & Sons; ISBN 1444360132, 9781444360134. "The term orthographic transcription simply means that the words are written down using the customary spelling system (orthography) of the language." For a better view of the examples shown in Hayes's book see Fromkin, Victoria (2000); (Linguistics: an introduction to linguistic theory )''; Wiley-Blackwell; ISBN 0631197117, 9780631197119〕〔(thefreedictionary.com/Transcription ), citing Vinogradov, V. A., in ''The Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (1979). Retrieved March 19, 2012.〕 Examples of orthographic transcription are "Pushkin" and "Pouchkine", respectively the English and the French orthographic transcriptions of the surname "Пу́шкин" in the name Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин (Alexander Pushkin). Thus, each target language (English and French) transcribes the surname according to its own orthography.〔 Contrast with phonetic transcription, phonemic orthography, transliteration, and translation. Transcription as a mapping from sound to script must be distinguished from transliteration, which creates a mapping from one script to another that is designed to match the original script as directly as possible. Standard transcription schemes for linguistic purposes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. See also phonetic transcription. Transcription is often confused with transliteration, due to a common journalistic practice of mixing elements of both in rendering foreign names. The resulting practical transcription is a hybrid that is called both "transcription" and "transliteration" by the general public. In this table IPA is an example of phonetic transcription of the name of the former Russian president known in English as Boris Yeltsin, followed by accepted hybrid forms in various languages. In English texts, ''Boris'' will be pronounced very differently from the original Russian, so it’s a transliteration rather than a transcription in the strict sense. The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems. For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of the People's Republic of China is ''Beijing'' in the commonly used contemporary system Hanyu Pinyin, and in the historically significant Wade Giles system, it is written ''Pei-Ching''. Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too. For example, in a Hong Kong Newspaper, George Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sounds like "Bou-sū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean "cloth" and "special". Similarly, many words from English and other Western European languages are borrowed in Japanese and are transcribed using Katakana, one of the Japanese syllabaries. After transcribing a word from one language to the script of another language: * one or both languages may develop further. The original correspondence between the sounds of the two languages may change, and so the pronunciation of the transcribed word develops in a different direction than the original pronunciation. * the transcribed word may be adopted as a loan word in another language with the same script. This often leads to a different pronunciation and spelling than a direct transcription. This is especially evident for Greek loan words and proper names. Greek words are normally first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loan word has developed according to the rules of the goal language. For example, ''Aristotle'' is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher whose name in Greek is spelled ̓Aριστoτέλης (''Aristotélēs''), which was transcribed to Latin ''Aristóteles'', from where it was loaned into other languages and followed their linguistic development.(In "classical" Greek of Aristotle's time, lower-case letters were not used, and the name was spelled ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΣ.) ''Pliocene'' comes from the Greek words πλεîον (''pleîon'', "more") and καινóς (''kainós'', "new"), which were first transcribed (Latinised) to ''plion'' and ''caenus'' and then loaned into other languages. The historic latinization of <κ> by When this process continues over several languages, it may fail miserably in conveying the original pronunciation. One ancient example is the Sanskrit word ''dhyāna'' ("contemplation", "meditation") which was transcribed into the Chinese word ''ch'anna'' through Buddhist scriptures; next shortened into ''ch'an''. ''Ch'an'' (禪), pronounced ''zen'' in Japanese, used as the name of the Buddhist sect of "Chan" (Zen Buddhism), was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン ''zen'') to ''zen'' in English. ''Dhyāna'' to ''zen'' is quite a change. Another complex problem is the subsequent change in "preferred" transcription. For instance, the word describing a philosophy or religion in China was popularized in English as Tao and given the termination -ism to produce an English word Taoism. That transcription reflects the Wade-Giles system. More recent Pinyin transliterations produce Dao and Daoism. (See also Daoism-Taoism Romanization issue.) ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Orthographic transcription」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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